长江流域蒸发皿蒸发量及影响因素变化趋势

采用MannK-endall非参数检验方法和反距离权重插值法IDW对长江流域近40年来20cm蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素进行了时空变化趋势分析,研究结果表明:近40年来,长江流域年平均蒸发皿蒸发量在全流域和不同区域内均呈现显著的下降趋势,且中下游地区(99%的置信度)比上游地区(95%的置信度)下降趋势显著,夏季(99%的置信度)比其它季节下降趋势显著。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气象因子太阳净辐射和风速呈现显著下降趋势,气温表现为显著升高趋势,但中下游地区夏季温度微弱下降,降水微弱增加,但中下游地区夏季降水显著增加。因此,长江流域年平均太阳净辐射和风速的显著下降是年平均蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,而中下游地区夏季气温的微弱下降和降水的显著增加使得中下游地区夏季蒸发皿蒸发量下降趋势尤其显著。     

UV-B增强与秸秆施用对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放影响

通过大田试验,采用人工增强紫外辐射的方法模拟UV-B增强,应用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤-冬小麦系统的CO2排放通量,研究UV-B增强与秸秆施用对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放通量的影响.结果表明:UV-B增强与秸秆施用没有改变CO2排放通量的季节性变化规律.UV-B具有抑制效应,显著降低了拔节-孕穗期的CO2排放,降幅达15.48% (P=0.055).秸秆施用对CO2排放具有促进效应,使返青期和拔节 -孕穗期的CO2排放分别增加了59.52% (P=0.005)和13.10% (P=0.092).秸秆施用和UV-B增强处理增加了返青期的CO2排放,增幅为30.95% (P=0.083).对照、UV-B增强、秸秆施用和秸秆施用+UV-B增强4种处理的系统CO2排放与气温都存在极显著的指数关系 (P<0.01),拟合方程的决定系数R2分别为0.56,0.60,0.45和0.51,温度敏感系数Q10值分别为1.83,1.97,1.55和1.70.     

广州地区光化辐射通量与辐照度的特征

应用NCAR TUV辐射模式与地表实际观测分析了理论上广州地区地表可获得的最强光化辐射通量、辐照度及其波谱变化特征与月、日变化特征,计算与观测的差异用于评估气溶胶对紫外辐射通量的作用.结果表明,光化辐射通量与辐照度均具有正弦曲线的日变化特征,但光化辐射通量的正弦波形较辐照度的更为宽广,其辐射强度随太阳天顶角的增加下降幅度也更为缓慢;光化辐射中的总能量可见光谱区约占86%,紫外谱区仅占约14%;理论计算与实际观测表明,不同监测波段范围的紫外辐射表,虽然其标识均为监测UVA或UVB的辐射,但差异明显;广州地区的气溶胶污染显著影响紫外辐射通量.由于紫外辐射通量是影响对流层臭氧生产力的关键因子,有必要更加深入地认识广州地区气溶胶与紫外辐射通量的相互作用.     

Comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques: A case study with the rice model WARM

The considerable complexity often included in biophysical models leads to the need of specifying a large number of parameters and inputs, which are available with various levels of uncertainty. Also, models may behave counter-intuitively, particularly when there are nonlinearities in multiple input-output relationships. Quantitative knowledge of the sensitivity of models to changes in their parameters is hence a prerequisite for operational use of models. This can be achieved using sensitivity analysis (SA) via methods which differ for specific characteristics, including computational resources required to perform the analysis. Running SA on biophysical models across several contexts requires flexible and computationally efficient SA approaches, which must be able to account also for possible interactions among parameters. A number of SA experiments were performed on a crop model for the simulation of rice growth (Water Accounting Rice Model, WARM) in Northern Italy. SAs were carried out using the Morris method, three regression-based methods (Latin hypercube sampling, random and Quasi-Random, LpTau), and two methods based on variance decomposition: Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (E-FAST) and Sobol’, with the latter adopted as benchmark. Aboveground biomass at physiological maturity was selected as reference output to facilitate the comparison of alternative SA methods. Rankings of crop parameters (from the most to the least relevant) were generated according to sensitivity experiments using different SA methods and alternate parameterizations for each method, and calculating the top-down coefficient of concordance (TDCC) as measure of agreement between rankings. With few exceptions, significant TDCC values were obtained both for different parameterizations within each method and for the comparison of each method to the Sobol’ one. The substantial stability observed in the rankings seem to indicate that, for a crop model of average complexity such as WARM, resource intensive SA methods could not be needed to identify most relevant parameters. In fact, the simplest among the SA methods used (i.e., Morris method) produced results comparable to those obtained by methods more computationally expensive.     

Impact of generated solar radiation on simulated crop growth and yield

The availability of observed daily solar radiation (OSR) is restricted to recent years. Its estimation through different methods is necessary to develop long-term data sets for agricultural and environmental applications. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of using generated daily solar radiation (GSR) on simulated growth and yield of cotton, maize, and peanut. Nine locations representing Georgia's major crop belt were selected. Daily weather data from the Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network (AEMN), including solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, and precipitation, were duplicated. The OSR was removed from one set and then generated using a stochastic procedure. The Cropping System Models (CSM)-CROPGRO-Cotton, CERES-Maize, and CROPGRO-Peanut of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) v4 were used to simulate crop growth and yield at each location with both OSR and GSR and for rainfed and irrigated conditions. The statistical analysis included summary statistics, Pearson's coefficient of correlation, mean squared deviation (MSD) and its components, namely: squared bias (SB), squared difference between standard deviations (SDSD), lack of correlation weighted by the standard deviations (LCS), and regressions. Within locations, for the three crops under rainfed and irrigated conditions, GSR did not significantly affect simulated total evapotranspiration and aboveground biomass and yields. For the three crops, deviations of simulated water use and yields from GSR with respect to simulated water use and yields from OSR were lower for the rainfed than for the irrigated conditions. Yields from the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton and -Peanut models had lower deviations than yields from the CSM-CERES-Maize model. LCS was the major component of the MSD suggesting that the extent of the difference between standard deviations of GSR and OSRG could affect the outputs of the crop models. Nevertheless, for most locations none of the MSD components of the GSR showed significant correlation with simulated yields and the overall performance of the models was not affected. It can be concluded based on the results of this study that GSR can be used as an input for crop model simulation models when OSR is not available.     

20世纪90年代以来上海地区光能资源变化研究

为了摸清20世纪90年代以来上海地区光能资源变化规律,根据1991-2003年上海地区11个站年日照资料及宝山站的辐射资料,在与前30年(1961-1990年)平均比较的基础上,统计分析1991年以来太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、日照时数、日照百分率以及光合有效辐射、光热生产潜力的变化情况,结果表明:1991-2003年,上海地区年平均总辐射减少70M Jm/2,年平均直接辐射减少160.6M Jm/2,年平均散射辐射增加90.6M Jm/2,年平均光合有效辐射减少17.4M Jm/2,年平均光热生产潜力增加3328kgh/m₂,年平均日照时数减少187.5h,年平均日照百分率减少4%。     

Comparative Assessment of Power Absorption in Heads of Adults and Children Exposed to the Radiation of Cellular Phones at 1800 MHz

Summary The aim of this work is to examine the differences in power absorption in the brain of adults and children exposed to the radiation of mobile phone terminals at 1710 MHz. To this end, simulations using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method have been carried out to study the interaction between heterogeneous anatomically correct models of the human head and a linear or helical monopole mounted on the top of a metal box representing a realistic mobile communication terminal. The study includes computations of specific absorption rates (SARs) inside the human head and the total power absorbed by the head. Emphasis is placed on the comparative assessment of power absorption characteristics in heads of adults and children as well as on the effect of various parameters such as the age-related changes in dielectric properties and the usage distance between the user's head and the mobile terminal.     

226Ra in Tap and Mineral Water and Related Health Risk in the Republic of Croatia

The presence of 226Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra content in drinking water of Croatia: tap water from the public supply system of several major towns and bottled mineral water from two selected mineral water springs. 226Ra was determined by alpha-spectrometric measurement after radiochemical separation. The radiation doses originating from drinking tap water and bottled mineral water were estimated. The annual dose from consumption of bottled mineral water was compared to that received from ingestion of public system tap water. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise.     

电化学氧化法降解马拉硫磷废水的研究

研究了在单独电解作用下及超声辐射．电解联合作用下，降解马拉硫磷农药废水的不同效果，详细探讨了电解时间、酸碱性、电压、电流及加入电解质的量等因素对结果的影响。实验结果表明，马拉硫磷农药废水在电解单独作用下，COD去除率可达到86．86％；在超声辐射-电解联合作用下，COD去除率可达到91．53％。